Status in Florida: Native
Native Habitat: Woodlands, forest edges, shaded areas
Native State, Country: Eastern and Central North America
 
Growing Zones: 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8a, 8b, 9a, 9b
Size at Maturity: 2-4 feet tall
Phenology: Deciduous
Life Cycle:Perennial
Growth Rate: Moderate
Growth Habit: Upright, Clumping
Bloom Season: Fall
Sunlight Requirements: Part-Shade, Shade
Soil Texture: Loam, Adaptable
Soil pH: Slightly Acidic, Adaptable
Moisture Requirements: Moist, Average
Tolerance to Salt Spray: Low/None
Keystone Plant: No
 
Recommended Landscape Uses:
Use with caution: While attractive, its toxicity makes it unsuitable for most landscapes, especially those with children or livestock.
 
Naturalized areas: May be appropriate in a wildflower garden or naturalized area away from areas where it could be accidentally ingested.
Pollinator gardens: If used, plant in a controlled area and clearly label its toxicity.
 
Maintenance Tips:
Requires minimal maintenance.
May need to be controlled to prevent spreading, as it can self-seed.
 
Considerations:
Highly toxic to humans and animals. Can cause "milk sickness" if milk or meat from animals that have grazed on it is consumed.
 
Hurricane Wind Resistant: No
Erosion Control: No
Nitrogen Fixing: No
Edible: Highly Toxic
Pet Safe: No
Deer and Rabbit Resistance:Yes
 
Historical Medicinal Uses (if applicable): Used by Native Americans to treat snakebites and other ailments (use is **not recommended** due to toxicity).
 
Wildlife Benefit: Pollinators (bees, butterflies, moths) in the fall when other nectar sources are scarce.
 
Caterpillar Host Plant: Yes, Ruby Tiger Moth and others