In the wake of recent flooding and hurricane damage here in Northeast Florida, many of us are left wondering how our trees will fare. While storms and heavy rains are nothing new, the frequency and intensity have raised concerns about the long-term health of our local trees.
The good news is that most trees, even flood-sensitive ones, can survive short-term flooding. As long as the floodwaters recede within about seven days, many species will escape without lasting damage. However, if waters linger longer, you might start seeing symptoms of stress such as leaf yellowing (chlorosis), curling, premature leaf drop, or even branch dieback. In extreme cases, entire trees may die if the roots are submerged for too long.
Which Trees Struggle with Flooding?
In our region, several common trees are especially sensitive to flooding. These include species like sugar maple, white oak, tulip tree, black walnut, redbud, and most pines. Research shows that these species can suffer severe injury or even die if their roots are underwater for a month or less.
In areas prone to prolonged flooding, like those near the St. Johns River or low-lying spots, these trees are at particular risk. For smaller, more localized flooding, such as what we experienced here after the hurricane, flood-sensitive trees may still survive if the waters recede quickly.
Moderately Flood-Tolerant Trees
Some trees can withstand flooding for longer periods. Species like river birch, American elm, sycamore, and boxelder have survived entire growing seasons under flood conditions. These trees might be a better choice for areas prone to occasional flooding but not long-term waterlogging.
Flood-Tolerant Species for Resilient Landscapes
For flood-prone areas, there are trees that are more resilient and can survive extended periods with their roots submerged. Northeast Florida’s natural landscapes are home to several native trees that are highly flood-tolerant. Here are some of the most flood-tolerant native trees you can consider for flood-prone areas:
Baldcypress (Taxodium distichum)
One of the most flood-tolerant trees, baldcypress thrives in swamps and along riverbanks. Its root system can survive long periods of submersion, making it perfect for flood-prone areas.
Swamp Tupelo (Nyssa biflora)
Also known as swamp black gum, this tree is native to wetlands and can tolerate prolonged standing water. It’s commonly found in floodplains, swamps, and low-lying areas.
Red Maple (Acer rubrum)
Red maple is highly adaptable to various soil conditions, including those that are frequently waterlogged. It’s common in both uplands and wetland areas across Northeast Florida.
Water Oak (Quercus nigra)
A fast-growing native oak, water oak is well-suited to wetter soils and tolerates seasonal flooding, making it a good choice for areas with periodic standing water.
Pond Cypress (Taxodium ascendens)
Similar to baldcypress but more commonly found in isolated wetlands like ponds and depressions, pond cypress is equally flood-tolerant and can thrive in areas with extended flooding.
American Sycamore (Platanus occidentalis)
Though less common in Florida than further north, sycamores grow well along rivers and in bottomlands, tolerating wet conditions for long periods.
Sweetbay Magnolia (Magnolia virginiana)
Sweetbay magnolia thrives in moist, swampy areas and can tolerate saturated soils. It’s a good choice for gardens or landscapes prone to flooding.
Southern Wax Myrtle (Morella cerifera)
Though technically a shrub or small tree, wax myrtle can tolerate flooding and is often found in wetlands or along water bodies.
Pop Ash (Fraxinus caroliniana)
Also known as Carolina ash, pop ash is commonly found in swamps and floodplains, where it withstands long periods of inundation.
By planting these native, flood-tolerant species, you can help create resilient landscapes that can handle periodic flooding and heavy rains.
Post-Flooding Concerns: Saturated Soil and Sediment
Even after the floodwaters recede, the danger isn’t over. Waterlogged soils can pose serious problems for trees, especially if the ground stays wet for too long. Saturated soil deprives tree roots of oxygen, leading to symptoms similar to flood damage. The best remedy is dry, warm weather to allow the soil to return to normal.
Another hidden risk is the deposition of sediment over tree roots. In some areas, we’ve seen silt and sand pile up several inches deep, which can suffocate roots, especially in smaller or newly planted trees. If possible, remove sediment to give your trees the best chance of recovery.
Helping Your Trees Recover
If you notice symptoms of flood stress in your trees, the key is to minimize any additional stress during the recovery period. Prune dead or damaged branches to prevent further injury, but be cautious of anyone recommending heavy fertilization as a cure. Fertilizer won’t help with flood-related root injuries and can even do more harm than good.
What about Shrubs?
When it comes to shrubs and flooding, similar principles apply as with trees. Some shrubs are more tolerant of flooding and can survive prolonged periods of waterlogged soil, while others will suffer stress and even die if exposed to excess water for too long. Generally, flooding impacts shrubs by depriving their roots of oxygen. Here are 10 shrubs adapted to wet environments.
Buttonbush (Cephalanthus occidentalis)
Known for thriving in wet areas like swamps, marshes, and the edges of ponds, buttonbush is highly flood-tolerant and even thrives in standing water.
Virginia Sweetspire (Itea virginica)
This adaptable native shrub can tolerate a range of conditions, from dry soils to consistently wet or flooded areas. It’s a great option for rain gardens or near water features.
Swamp Azalea (Rhododendron viscosum)
As its name suggests, swamp azalea is naturally found in wet, boggy areas. It tolerates seasonal flooding and is a great choice for wetter parts of the landscape.
American Beautyberry (Callicarpa americana)
While not as flood-tolerant as some other species, beautyberry can handle occasional flooding and does well in a variety of soil types, including areas that stay moist for extended periods.
Inkberry (Ilex glabra)
A type of evergreen holly, inkberry is native to wetlands and moist woodlands, making it highly tolerant of periodic flooding.
Elderberry (Sambucus canadensis)
Elderberry is often found growing near streams, rivers, and in wetlands. It can tolerate standing water and thrives in flood-prone environments.
Marsh Elder (Iva frutescens)
This shrub thrives in brackish marshes and can tolerate regular flooding from both fresh and saltwater, making it a resilient option for coastal flood-prone areas.
Red Chokecherry (Aronia arbutifolia)
Red chokeberry is well-suited for moist to wet soils and tolerates periodic flooding, making it a reliable option for rain gardens or naturalized wet areas.
Saltbush (Baccharis halimifolia)
Often found in coastal marshes, saltbush can tolerate both brackish water and periodic flooding, making it a great choice for flood-prone or coastal areas.
Wax Myrtle (Morella cerifera)
In addition to being a small tree, wax myrtle also grows as a multi-stemmed shrub. It thrives in wetlands and coastal areas and can handle extended periods of wet soil or standing water.
As we rebuild after the storm, it’s important to consider the flood tolerance of the species we plant. Sensitive trees are best avoided in flood-prone areas, and if you’re replacing damaged trees, choosing more flood-resilient species will help protect your landscape against future storms.
Assessing Tree Damage After a Hurricane: What to Look For and When to Be Concerned
Hurricane Damage
In the aftermath of a hurricane, it’s common to see trees with broken limbs, leaning trunks, or even uprooted entirely. While some trees can recover from minor damage, others may pose significant risks to property or safety. Knowing what to look for and when to take action can help protect your landscape and prevent further damage.
Signs of Hurricane Damage to Watch For:
Leaning Trees
A tree that was standing straight but is now leaning could have suffered root damage or structural failure. While some trees may recover, those with a noticeable lean—especially if roots are exposed or the soil is heaving—are at risk of falling and should be evaluated by a professional as soon as possible.
Cracked or Split Branches/Trunks
Look closely for large cracks or splits in the trunk or major branches. Even if the tree appears healthy otherwise, these structural failures weaken the tree and could lead to sudden limb breakage or complete collapse.
Hanging or Broken Limbs
Broken branches, especially large limbs hanging from the tree, are dangerous. They can fall unexpectedly and cause injury or property damage. These should be removed immediately, preferably by a licensed arborist.
Uprooted Trees
If the tree’s roots have been partially or fully uprooted, it’s unlikely that the tree can recover. The longer the roots remain exposed or the tree is tilted, the less stable it becomes. Uprooted trees should typically be removed.
Bark Damage
Stripped or missing bark can indicate more serious internal damage to the tree. When a large portion of bark is missing or damaged, it compromises the tree’s ability to transport nutrients and heal.
Root Damage
Hurricanes can cause root damage even if the tree appears fine above ground. Check for signs of soil disturbance around the base of the tree, such as heaving, cracked soil, or exposed roots. These are signs that the tree’s root system has been compromised and may be unstable.
Dieback of Branches
Look for dying branches or foliage in the upper canopy of the tree. Dieback can indicate internal damage or stress that may require attention.
When to Be Concerned:
Immediate Safety Risks: If a tree poses an immediate threat to your home, power lines, or pathways due to leaning, large cracks, or broken limbs, contact a professional right away to assess and remove the danger.
Ongoing Structural Damage: A tree with cracks, splits, or major root damage is unlikely to heal on its own. In such cases, it’s best to have a licensed arborist inspect the tree to determine whether it can be saved or if it should be removed for safety reasons.
Long-Term Health: Even if a tree doesn’t appear to have serious structural damage, it may have internal stress or compromised root systems. It’s worth having any storm-damaged trees evaluated by an arborist to prevent future problems.
Why You Should Contact a Licensed Arborist, Not Just Any Contractor:
It can be tempting to hire the first person who offers to help remove damaged trees. However, it’s essential to contact a licensed arborist rather than a general landscaper or unlicensed contractor. Here’s why:
Expert Knowledge & Safe Removal Practices
Licensed arborists are trained professionals who understand tree biology, structure, and proper care techniques. They can assess whether a damaged tree can be saved or needs to be removed. Improper tree removal or pruning, especially with storm-damaged trees, can be dangerous. Arborists have the equipment and experience to remove trees safely, even in challenging situations such as near homes or power lines.
Avoid Scams
Unfortunately, after hurricanes, some unlicensed contractors and “tree experts” offer quick, cheap fixes that can leave your trees worse off or even cause injury or property damage. By hiring a licensed arborist, you can ensure you’re working with someone who is properly insured, qualified, and held to professional standards.
When to Call an Arborist:
If you’re unsure whether a tree is a hazard, an arborist can conduct a thorough evaluation.
If a tree is leaning, cracked, or has broken limbs.
If you notice soil heaving, exposed roots, or significant damage to the canopy or trunk.
If you’re concerned about a tree’s long-term health after the storm.
Remember, the health and safety of your trees aren’t something to take lightly. After hurricane damage, always reach out to a licensed arborist for a proper assessment.
At Amelia’s Native Wildflowers, we’re committed to helping our community recover and rebuild with native plants that can withstand the challenges of our local environment. We’ve experienced this flooding and hurricane damage firsthand, and we’re here to offer advice and solutions to keep your landscape healthy and thriving.
Plant native, garden for wildlife, plant with purpose.
Lindsey Pickard
Owner
Amelia’s Native Wildflowers, LLC
Reference
Iles , J. (2024) Effects of flooding on trees & shrubs, Yard and Garden. Available at: https://yardandgarden.extension.iastate.edu/how-to/effects-flooding-trees-shrubs (Accessed: 06 October 2024).
Written with assistance from OpenAI’s ChatGPT
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